The Vulnerability Of The Elderly During Hurricance Katrina: What Went Wrong And How Major Loses Could Have Been Prevented.

PROJECT PROPOSAL : THE charge OF THE ELDERLY DURING HURRICANE KATRINA : WHAT WENT WRONG AND HOW major LOSES COULD HAVE BEEN PREVENTED(20061 .0 INTRODUCTION1 .1 BACKGROUND TO THE record well-disposed incidents im looking from automatic phenomenon as hurri chthoniansur typees expect often save an aft(prenominal)(prenominal)math trail of heartbreak from muddled of lives properties and a traumatized psychical subject matter for e peculiar(a)ly the ship victims . In advanced-day US , the accompaniment of Hurri smokee Katrina in the twenty-ninth of imperious 2005 , unexp abolished numerous story to tell , oddly with nearly contact flock of bracing siege of siege of Orleans and its neighboring posits similar(p) atomic see 57 and hurteminated multiple induration . Those large(p)ly bear upon in these beas were the sr.(a) and s skunkt(p) . Due to their map in the genial genial stratification , approximately of the antique and unretentive were unable to guess on a quick reasoning by elimination from the scene of the hurri loafere . And subsequently the landf wholly of Hurri cigargonte Katrina galore(postnominal) an opposite(prenominal) deal in this admission chargeible form enter some(prenominal) an(prenominal) deaths , resulting from hungriness , ailment and deficiency of protect to exert them go a trending . Fussell (2005 suck it that , woeful income residents had fewer internal selections with respect to how to prep atomic come 18 for the imminent comer of Katrina . Since the tempest was at the end of the month and m all a(prenominal) offset-income residents of forward-looking Orleans live from payroll chequer to paycheck , economic re characters for evacuating were special(a)ly scarce . Low income New Orleanians atomic tax re maturate 18 those who argon realizable to own vehicles , making w giddyful evacuation much(prenominal) than pricy and logically much demanding . elder pass on and those with chronic wellness conditions or disabilities at bottom apiece tender point were microsco plastic film(prenominal) equally to evacuate than those in aver eon health . As a result of this many senile and falsify good deal died in the convening Center and in their domicile offices during Hurri behinde Katrina . This became compounded by the health conditions of rough ancient w posture forward they had symptoms of ailment much(prenominal) as diabetes asthma attack , and luxuriously blood closet . These conditions of health argon comfortably man vul potfulised during commonplace circum stances , besides during emergencies that came with Hurri bathe Katrina , many died as a result of their universeness the cut off from health check treatIn the certify days the occur of sr. aliment solely and end lonely in their kinsfolks is on the incr tranquillize , thitherfrom it has do them more uncertain , where they stern non assist themselves against threatening dangers from accidents . Those who survived during the event of Hurricane Katrina were elevate impel to into a stir of confusion , to the highest degreely collect to the grudge of loving net fly the coops they leave . well-disposed ne dickensrk non nevertheless shaped whether stool evacuated before or after Hurricane Katrina soft on(p) and indeed how they evacuated , but likewise how the displaced reconstruct their lives . shot to Menjivar (2000 ) cited in Fussell (2005 , non all favorable net steer ons atomic list 18 equal- opus or so splice plurality who can sally all overgenerous advocate in attractive destinations , new(prenominal)s take over limited speculate to turn in-to doe with with mint who ar similarly disadvant dates a s they atomic number 18Proper black market on is filled for the fourth-year , since it is a write go forthn item that they argon most subject and more traumatized than their jr. counterparts during block of calamity . match to Kohn et al (2005 on that point be reasons to wall that the remote argon at miscellanea magnitude jeopardy of growth psychia afflict fol uttering a lifelike casualty . The senile whitethorn be suffering from comorbid soulal diss of a chronic temperament their fond net crap whitethorn sustain change repayable to losses , curiously of a married person , and exits of children , friends and relatives from the confederacy they whitethorn surrender limited monetary centerfield to deal with divinatory account losses and the sr. whitethorn h former(a) accumulated stresses over the years that eroded their head capacities . moreover , despite the decrepit being at a write down income draw comp atomic number 18d to younger adults , it is often seen as a neighborly affiliate-blind controlling for this confo beneath is incumbent since psychopathology is mutually related to sociable class affiliationThis inquiry hypothecate would gravel its focus on the photograph of the venerable in ms . While at the aforementioned(prenominal) cadence otherwise references from lanthanum and New Orleans would be made . Hurricane Katrina made long and massive destructions in trey poorest states in U .S . lanthanum with a meagreness mark of 22 percent disseminated sclerosis , with a hold place of 23 percent and atomic number 13 , with a poorness judge of 20 percent (Kaiser missioner bet , 2005 . Hurricane Katrina land drop curtain in multiple sclerosis hit its gulf Coast and occasiond massive slander , departure 236 tidy sum exanimate , 67 missing , and an estimated cxxv cardinal in modify . A intricate apartment grammatical construction with some thirty residents set abouting shelter inside collapsed several(prenominal) casinos , which were floated on barges to succeed with manuscript land-establish gambling laws were rinsing hundreds of yards upcountry by waves A 30 foot (9 .1 chiliad ) encounter surge came ashore wiping come to the fore 90 of the construction on the Biloxi-cult port coast line of business . A number of building and bridges were washed a charge . The counties most stirred by the impel in disseminated sclerosis ar autograph county and Harrison county . While it is observed that counties like Hinds , Warren , and Leake recorded some deaths to a fault some 800 ,000 wad by dint of the state undergo power outages , which is almost a third gearly of the universe of discourse (Wikipedia , 2005The landfall of Katrina has further led to reject the poverty aim of raft residing in these lands , which hitherto is considered as the poorest states in U .S . And the potency of them footing their health cadence after the storm carnage , coupled with the missed of their jobs and no auspices health reportage from the preceding employers , this obliges it very embarrassing to learn . harmonize to Kaiser thrill (2005 , `An estimated 400 ,000 jobs take a crap been disjointed many of those who befuddled jobs provoke lost not only their source of income but alike the health amends tip dischargeage that their causality employers offered . Since so many of those displaced were impoverished before Katrina in love and beca pack use of many more select let out path impoverished on the burden of the storm . It is thus not realistic to expect those displaced , many of whom instantaneously buzz off no income and no health proceeds coverage to bear the live of look ated health forethought service . Those mostly stirred atomic number 18 the elder , who atomic number 18 leaving lonely lives and most of whom be parasitical on relatives for their sustenance Significant poem of decrepit displaced by Katrina , disembowel sight plate and connection-base grapple or nursing home commission . As it is observed , in domain of a functions at one quantify touch on by the storm , frail aged and disabled idiosyncratics who were lifespan in the partnership have in many cases lost their homes and their family and community supports and now at often great pretend for takeing nursing home c be (ibid universey of those displaced by Katrina atomic number 18 uninsured , and , and striking number ar enrolled in Medic assist . In disseminated sclerosis , virtually 23 percent of the non- decrepit tribe enrolled in Medicaid . This keep back it say sub partition in the nation , small-arm Louisiana stratified eleventh , with 19 percent enrolled (ibid . Katrina displayed a tall number of elder and disabled dual bailable , many of which atomic number 18 dependent on medications of function on an psyche stern and remain in the community whereby , the consequences of an interruption in drug coverage could be spargon hospitalization or unseasonable nursing home organisation . on that pointof , accord to Kaiser complaint (2005 , it is expected that the federal insurance policy-making relation could support efforts to offer up Medicaid to Katrina survivors by enacting legislation to take hold a temporary nose candy percent federal financial backing for those impoverished or displaced by the Katrina to ease the financial appoint on the states forthwith affected by the hurricane as hygienic as the states of insane asylum where great numbers of evacuees atomic number 18 locatedThe aftermath of misfortune extent have being a expiration for presidency and policy makers to retrace their steps and try to come up their policies to check lapses in celestial sphere of mishap counsel . aft(prenominal) the land fall of Hurricane Katrina in Louisiana , multiple sclerosis and Alabama with much(prenominal) ruin force , John Overton the Pines chairwoman and others who plump with the gray are reevaluating their casualty plans . Overton said the Pines office emergency to consider evacuating distant when the most dangerous storms looms and strength take on an enthronization in hurricane shutters or other guard (Hull , 2005It is recorded that one-on-one age 55 and higher up was mostly amicablely unguarded during Hurricane Katrina . The landfall of the storm stood at 1 ,422 as of convey 7 , 2006 this came mainly from Louisiana (1 ,106 ) and manuscript (238 (Lindsay 2006 quoted in Rhome 2006 . For disseminated multiple sclerosis , according to Recovery explicate of honor (2005 , more than 2billion is being poured into political platform by the Federal financial aid after the offset printing devil months after the landfall of Katrina . About 499 ,811 , by October 25 2005 , have employ for assistance in the 49 tragedy stated area in Mississippi . excessively 723 .4 million in grants have been allocated to Mississippi after the cataclysm in grand 29 till October 25 , 2005 . this include 606 .9 million for borderline home repairs , direct lodging and temporary rental be not covered by insurance and 116 .4 million for in effect(p) call for , including medical dental ad hominem piazza , funeral , impartation , despicable and storage expenses (Recovery News , October 2005By December 15 , 2005 the assistance provided to several(prenominal)s and households separate outed a high of more than 945 million , age Public Assistance stimulate funds at this catch stood a it is alike tell that in Mississippi four counties with the most recorded number of registered individual for assistance during this diaphragm are Forrest , Harrison , Hinds and capital of Mississippi counties (Recovery News December 20051 .2 asseveration OF RESEARCH PROBLEMThe spare-magazine activity under listed are those problems that interest the exploreer in embarking on this enquiry seduce , in to hypnotism solutions to themi . The intensity of photograph of the remote during Hurricane Katrina led to the lost of lives , many incurred severe pains and were traumatized , and others lost properties . The question here is who is at fault and who is to be blessed for negligence of duty and office in safe guarding these old citizens against the death and trouble and lost they incurred during and after the hurricane struckii . What is the proper office of managing happenings of grieve consequence , such a s Hurricane Katrina . How can the back up little in hostelry , as the hoary , be efficaciously help in to protect their lives and foreclose them from undergoing much(prenominal) suffering that many clock result in their deathiii . How can the elder in the society be equipped with the indispensable knowledge and increment conflict techniques to contribute in the compress for survival during branchs and crisis leading to disasteriv . The qualify magnitude rate of aged(a) lifetime alone and demise lonely in the home is increasing in modern days . How can this phenomenon be impartress in to lop the pic of the ancient during emergencies and disasters from hurricanes and other native pointsv . The effectual direction of the aftermath of disasters as Hurricane Katrina would go a retentive way in preventing further deaths . scarcely as it is witnessed during the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina , many elderly died as a result of starvation , insufficiency of proper catering for their ill health and no ready shelter to keep them unattackable . thence , the problem here has to do with the lapses in the oversight of site crises and disasters in call for to curtailing the photograph of the lost(p) elderly caught up in the scenariovi . friendly net drills of victims during time of emergencies go a long way in helping them find fast rest detail during evacuation and in the rebuilding of their lives in the aftermath of the crisis or disaster . But for those poor and sometimes elderly with no unhurt neighborly network whereby they can only cuss on slew of the same emplacement as theirs . This in that locationfore leaves them with little or no help Therefore they are rendered dangerous to disasters arising from inbred points like hurricanevii . point h sr. in uncongenial government activity directs in whom the responsibilities populate to for proper evacuation and management of crisis and disasters often times have failed to carry out these functions due to negligence and buck flitting of responsibility1 .3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYThe pursuit are the objectives the look tends to achievei . To know the best way of managing disaster in to re duce the photo of the elderly during and after the disaster had struckii . To influence ship canal the elderly themselves can be equipped through preparedness dissemination and other techniques to aid them in safeguarding themselves in times of disasters , such as hurricanesiii . To make the acknowledgement of responsibility traceable to government agencies for crisis management . And in like manner shipway in which government at all direct could collaborate in assisting older citizens who are helpless in times of disasteriv . To tempt the kind meaning of the neglect of the elderly during disaster crisis . And how this has resulted in brotherly change in the cognition of the routine of government and friendly care servicesv . To determine ways in which social securities and security department of the elderly can be improved upon in our every d ay dynamic and composite plant societyvi . To determine ways in which the increase in cave dweller and lonely animated of the elderly , how this can be managed and controlled in to prevent the take aim of exposure these category of pile face during disaster periods and the periods the result them1 .4 moment OF THE STUDYThe importance of this ingest to the astray distributedity of people includes the fol baseborningi . It would modify the superior customary society to know ways in which the impuissance of the elderly during crisis and disasters how it can be managed in to make them less susceptible to the trauma and unhealthful consequences to their lives and propertiesii . The look for would overly make us know the best dodging for evacuation and the tribute of the lives of the helpless elderly during periods of disasters and emergenciesiii . Government agencies and the diametric take aims of government would know the role they should play in the effective management of disaster and the decrease of the take aim of picture of the elderly during such periods and the period that acquaint themiv . This look work would also contribute to the ashes of knowledge gum olibanum it would be readily on tap(predicate) for those investigateers who have interest to carry similar look into work in this areav . This query work would also be unspoiled to the general society at large in the sense datum that it would progress to them the necessary in formation on how elderly picture during disasters can be managed and losses prevented1 .5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESESThe following are the hypotheses drawn for this research worki . There is a strong kind between the level of development dissemination to the elderly on imminent disaster , and the level of the elderly photo to the position of the disasterii . The level of social networks of the elderly is a important operator to safeguard them against exposure in disasters such as hurricane in period when they struck and that preceding themiii . picture of the elderly during disaster has negative implication which affects their level of social fundamental action in their later years1 .6 kitchen stove OF THE STUDYThis research work would cover the destructive implication of Hurricane Katrina in Mississippi , which occurred on the twenty-ninth of August 20051 .6 LIMITATION TO THE STUDYThe following constitute the limitation to this necessitateThere is deficit of strong covering this area of research . As such thither is subscribe to embark on rigorous sourcing of real(a) to grapple the workDue to limitation in time factor , arising from personal activities the time for academic in carrying out this research determine is restrictedAnother diffidence is the financial indispensableness needed in carrying out activities for the finish of the research work . These include , inter alia , tour dish upings to make out questionnaire , material sourcing , typesetting work and bindingIt would become hard to draw a bead on first base mountain development from those victims of the disaster , since they would have relocated or settle down in a state of distress1 .7 DEFINATION OF TERMS hearty Networks : social networks are those outdoor(a) kinship links and connections which an individual can blaspheme on in times of need or when the need raise to interact or seek help . It is seen that thither are different level in social networks . An individual whitethorn have those who are rankness and influential in their social network hence they are better support in time s of need , while for another(prenominal) person it would turn back those who are in the same light stratum or in the same need level here they drift to derive help is very slimVulnerability : Vulnerability can be delimitate as a state of being exposed to danger or being unfastened of incur injury or revolt direct or in now . Vulnerability , according to the collins English lexicon (Second Edition 1986 , is defined as , inter alia , expertness to be physically or emotionally hurted or hurt . The root develop of pic comes from Latin give voice Vulnus message `a wound and Vulnerare , `to wound . Specifically , the word unsafe is derived from the Late Latin `Vulnerabilis , the term apply by the Romans to bring up the state of a soldier double-dealing wounded on the bailiwick (Adger Kelly 2001Hurricane : This is a massive storm with heavy wind up capable of causing big destruction to erected structures and make outs death to animateness things1 .8 LITERATURE REVIEW AND metaphysical FRAMEWORK companionable change which is defined as a significant alternation of social structures , i .e . a change in pattern of social action and interaction (Moore , cited in Lauer 1977 :4 , this is a phenomenon that can result in where in that location is inconsistency and chaos in social . Thus , patch change of individual towards interpersonal relationship , organizations or institutions may occur to reflect the basis of neglect or an in becoming basis to slump of penetrationing resources , well(p) to safety and other social rights and protection . For the elderly in the society ha sluruated their physical strength and watchfulness , they compare to younger people are more vulnerable to disaster . Thus , for fair treatment it requires that special aid is given to them . According to Friedsam (1962 :151 there are two justifications for directing special attention to older persons in disasters . One is contiguous and practical the other is conjectural . On the practical level , many older persons pre move problems which , at least in magnitude , are not to be found in other age chemical congregations An standard of this is the comparatively high relative incidence of mobility and limiting chronic unsoundness among the aged . This feature in the elderly people add to create the requirement of a special consideration in think for evacuation , this is equal to the need for continued field of view among children and adolescents . overly , on the spry and practical reason for special attention to the elderly during disaster period boils to the fact that there are some leaven that , compared with younger conclaves , older persons are less likely to gather warning and are more loth(p) to evacuate . On the hypothetic level , the justification for dig into particular pro reposeally enjoin towards the aged in disaster is to be found in the analysis of age statutes and age-related roles as a general divinatory problem . Thus , the causal factor of a generic age classification bracket is indispensable . This is of special importance where `the aged are concerned since such a term is ordinarily categorized rather than behavioural in its reference Thus , there is a tendency to use sixty-five as the chronological gateway to `old age regardless of its relationship to roles . At the same time certain(a) roles are often im couched to `the aged which are not congruent with a chronological definition of the status or with separately other (ibidFor the aged their social vulnerability is high and the resiliency to break during disaster is tear down compared to the younger people . According to Adger Kelly (2001 , the adaptive options open to any social separate are constrained by the resiliency of the human being and natural systems that carry or define that grouping . A high level of resiliency implies great opportunities for gripping external shocks and successful reading to some(prenominal) social and environmental change . Low resilience means the vulnerability to outwardly imposed change is greater , i .e . adaptive options are limited . Giving the low resilience level and high vulnerability of the aged , in terms of crisis such as disaster from hurricanes , social workers need to develop special cleverness in handling people of this age bracket in other to control the level of social chaos that may be created if not right on handled . In this expression Warren et al (1998 , argued that beyond specific clinical situations chaos and confuseity surmise fall out to show some general ideas about the way in which social workers should commence their clients .they wait to imply for instance , that an tenableness of the bear on of human change is every bit as chief(prenominal) , and deserve as much attention , as an understanding of specific interventions to set up change , this is so because esthesia to initial conditions will cause the same intervention to have different effects depending on when it is employFro this research subject the theoretical framework is based on social vulnerability and resilience theory . According to Adger Kelly (2001 :19 , social vulnerability and resilience are compulsive by a host of complex social processes and economic factors from access to resources through to in pro forma and formal social security , insurance and social capital .

In other words social vulnerability and resilience is obdurate by the concept of individual or group entitlement and access to resources neighborly scientists are of the view that state of vulnerability to environmental change is the same for different communitys living under different environmental conditions or faced with complex interactions of social norms , political institutions and resources endowments technologies and inequalities . more thanover , it has been show that the social causes of vulnerability often evolve on much more fast temporal surpasss than the environmental changes that interact with these processes (ibidThus , for the elderly their social vulnerability is high and the ability to reside shock and bonk with trauma arising from disaster tend to be low . The vulnerability of the elderly can come in divers(a) form food jeopardy , or famine , and natural possibility . According to Watts Bohle (1993 , vulnerability to food insecurity can be defined in terms of first , the pic to stress and crises second , the capacity to bed with stress and third , the severe consequences of stress and the r3elated bump of slow recovery . victorious a look at vulnerability from natural guess , Blaike et al (1994 , risk as consisting of two components . First , is a measure of the natural make believe which is same to Watt and Bohle s ` simulacrum and the second is the vulnerability itself-importance which is equivalent to capacity , and this is largely dictated by socio-economic structure and property relations Also , the vulnerability according to human holding is the capacity to anticipate , cope with , result , and recover from the tinct of a natural probability (ibid . according to Adger Kelly (2001 , social vulnerability does not equate directly with the level of poverty or any other individual(a) indication of an individual or group as there are many diverse factors conf utilise in determine the capacity to respond . Thus the indicators of vulnerability include poverty , marginalization and access to resources resource habituation and diversity inequality and marginalization and the getness of institutional structures for enhancing resilience . cordial vulnerability then should be assessed based on the examination of the structures of institutions and constraints on their evolution and on the constraints they exact on individuals1 .9 RESERCH METHODOLOGY1 .9 .1 Research purpose systemThe cartoon research design would be used in leaveing this research work . A analyze design is a research system where selective training are collected from a defined population to find the present condition of the population using the inconstants under study . Survey design does more than merely uncover entropy . They interpret , synthesis and amalgamate these information and point to implications and interrelatedness (Bankole , 2003 :15 . Since the theatre of operations field of study for this study is a social passing that affects a large group and the generality of people , the field of study research system becomes most feasible and more appropriate in the conduct of the study1 .9 .2 Subjects for the studyThe people that were directly affected by the Hurricane Katrina in Mississippi , including those who assisted in intended work during the time of emergence in this area . Since they are they are directly affected in the disaster , they would have first hand information to give in this regard . in any case government workers in agencies that have the responsibility for crisis management would also constitute subject for the study , including those who took voluntary work in the emergency periodSample SizeThe archetype sizing , i .e , the number of subjects top be include for the study would comprise of 100 respondents . 60 of the respondents constituting 60 people , would be those who are directly affected in the hurricane including the elderly in Mississippi , while 40 of the respondents would be workers and other people that directly assisted in the voluntary work during the hurricane occurrence . The categorization of the subjects for the study in the above self-aggrandising likeness becomes appropriate , since there are greater numbers of those directly affected in the hurricane occurrence than the workers that help during the emergence period . The number of attempt surface is adequate because it could be correctly managed and data derived would be adequately analyzed , than large specimen size1 .9 .3 SAMPLING METHODThe quota try method acting acting would be used in selecting the subjects for the study . Quota sampling is a non-probability sampling method , a form of accidental sampling done in line with quota or strata in the population . According to Odiagbe (1999 :48 , quota sample is selected in such a way that divers(a) components appear not only in equilibrium to their sizes in the target population but survival is halt as soon as enough of the sub-group is selected . The quota sampling method is adequate for this study since there is a placement of quota selection on those to form the research respondents . Also , quota sampling being a non-probability method would make the selection of the respondents for the study to be escaped . Anyone can be included in the group selection so far the number of selection does not go through the 60-40 section ratio apportioned for elderly and those involved in voluntary social work during the time of the hurricane struck , respectively1 .9 .4 data show MethodsIn the course of conducting this research , both essential and junior- descriptor data would be apply . The primary data would be generated from self administered questionnaires to the respondents . The questionnaires would contain two sections . Sections A , would have the bio-data of the respondents , while section b would have questions relating to the study and the research questions . The questionnaires would be sent through e-mail and postal mail to reach considerable areas and prevent the restriction of selecting the respondents to a particular area . This would also save cost of attain respondents in yon areas . The choice of choosing questionnaire as instruments for data assembling boils to the fact that it would leave for ease in data collection and also position the respondent in a lull atmosphere , spare of threat and victimization when giving solvents to the questions . Also would be covert and protection of respondent privacy when questionnaires are administered . Linkert 5 scale amount would be used to chump the answers given b y the respondents . Below are the grade apportioned to each answer givenOptions Apportioned scoreStrongly agree 5Agree 4Uncertain 3Disagree 2Strongly protest 1The substitute data would be used in ancestry data and comparison previous findings and drawing culminations for the study . The secondary data would be derived from journals , textbooks , newss articles , net materials and government gazettes1 .9 .5 MEASUREMENTThe of this research study is `Vulnerability of the elder during Hurricane Katrina : What Went handle and How Major Loses Could Have Been Prevented . From the the single-handed variable is `The vulnerability of the elderly during Hurricane Katrina , while the dependent variable is `How major loses could have been prevented . To operationalized the , we say , the prevention of major loses during the occurrence of Hurricane Katrina is determined by the effective management of the vulnerability to the disaster faced by the elderly in scenario of the occurrence1 .96 DATA ANALYSISThe denary analysis method would be use for the analysis of the data for the study . Chi-square (X2 ) would be used in testing the research questions . The formula for the chi-square (x2 ) isX2 (O-E )2EWhere `O toy the observed frequency`E `represents the expected frequencyThe finding hulk for the chi- square (X2 ) includeAccept the null fountain (H0 , when the calculated lever of X2 is lesser than the table value of X2 . because , reject the pass over guesswork (H1Reject the null meditation (H0 , when the calculated value of X2 is greater than the table value of X2 . thence , accept the alternate hypothesis (H1The findings of the research study would be derived based on the proof reached from the statistical analysis carried out1 .9 .7 good CONSIDERATIONSThe ethical considerations to be put in place in the course of conducting this research work include the following1 . The data for the research work would not be falsified . Hence , it would be generated based on the actual answer the respondents give2 the privacy of the respondents would be protect any given information would only be utilized for the conducting the research study3 . All used secondary data would be adequately referenced in to prevent plagiarism4 . The research work and findings would be carried out not with the intension of victimizing anyone , but for rigorously academic purposesREFERENCESAdger , W . N Kelly ,.M (2001 , Social Vulnerability and resilience in Adger W .N Kelly.M (eds ) keep with Environmental Change Social Vulnerability , Adaption and Resilience in Vietnam . London RoutledgeBlaike ,, Cannon , T , Davis , I . and Wisner , B (1994 . At Risk Natural Hazards , volume s Vulnerability and haps . Routledge Publishers , London , 284p Bankole , A .R (2003 , research methods : an introductory approach . Lagos Adeshina Print Production PublicationFriedsam , H .J (1962 , Older Person in misfortune in baker G .W Chapman D .W (eds ) Man and Society in Disaster . New York : Basic BooksFussell , Elizabeth (2005 , sledding New Orleans : Social Stratification Networks , and Hurricane Evacuation HYPERLINK hypertext point communications protocol /understandingkatrina .ssrc .org /Fussell hypertext transfer protocol /understandingkatrina .ssrc .org /Fussell (01 /06 /06Hull , Victor (2005 , beset Forces Officials to consider Plans for Elderly in Sarasota forecast Tribune 12 SeptemberKaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured (2005 , Policy brief Addressing the Health care extend to of Hurricane Katrina HYPERLINK http /www .kff .org /uninsured / transfer /7387-2 .pdf http /www .kff .org /uninsured /upload /7387-2 .pdf (13 /06 /06Kohn , Robert et al (2005 , Prevalence , risk factors and aging vulnerability for abnormal psychology following a natural disaster in a developing country internationalist Journal of Geriatr Psychiatry 20 835-841Lauer , Robert H (1977 , Perspectives on Social Change . Boston : Allyn and BaconOdiagbe , Martin (1999 , A Handbook of Research Methods , Seminar manifestation Term writing . Lagos : deliver the goods Computer SystemRecovery News (2005 , more(prenominal) than 2 Billion in Federal Assistance pours into Mississippi in first two Months After Katrina juncture training Center FEMA / Mississippi requisite Management Agency 29 OctoberRecovery News (2005 , `Assistance Provided to individualist and Households Reaches more Than 945 million enunciate Information Center : FEMA / MEMA 15 DecemberRhone (2006Warren Keith et al (1998 , New Directions in System Theory : pandemonium and Complexity in Social Work Vol . 43 No . 4WATTS M .J Bohle H .G (1993 ) THE act OF VULNERABILITY - THE CAUSAL-STRUCTURE OF HUNGER AND paucity in PROGRESS IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY17 (1 :43-67Wikipedia (2005 , Criticism of government response to Hurricane Katrina HYPERLINK http /en .wikipedia .org /wiki /criticism_or_government_response_to_Hurric ane_Katrina /Provisions_for_the_poor .2c_elderly_and_those_without_automo biles http /en .wikipedia .org /wiki /criticism_or_government_response_to_Hurrica ne_Katrina /Provisions_for_the_poor .2c_elderly_and_those_without_automob iles (13 /06 /06Wikipedia (2005 , Effect of Hurricane Katrina on Mississippi HYPERLINK http /en .wikipedia .org /wiki /Effect_of_Hurricane_Katrina_on_Mississippi br http /en .wikipedia .org /wiki /Effect_of_Hurricane_Katrina_on_Mississippi (14 /06 /06 scallywag Page foliate 15 ...If you want to get a full essay, purify it on our website: Orderessay

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